[65], By 1893, when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. 31. South African surnames. Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep-level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world's gold, with the "instant city" of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef. [80], The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with Southern African states.[40]. Wilson Center Digital Archives, International History Declassified, Inge Tvedten, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction, SIPRI Yearbook: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. This list of 100 African girl names includes their meanings, variations, and countries of origin. [89] The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho. [192][193], South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistncia Nacional Moambicana (RENAMO) rebels, in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO-run government during the Mozambique Civil War, and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana, killing or capturing a number of South African exiles. [202] The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo, which became active mainly in the Cape provinces. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993, left eleven people dead and 58 injured. -- 262 p. CS3080.S6 R6 Bibliography: p. 261-262. Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. Lwando Southern African. 3. (, Viljoen, Russel S. (1995). Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps.[123]. Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves. Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. The rebellion was suppressed, and at least one officer was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad. [73], The original Griqualand, north of the Orange River, was annexed by Britain's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley, so named after the British Colonial Secretary, Earl Kimberley. This name was adopted in the 17th century by Wesselius Praetorius as a Latin translation of his previous surname Schulte. [107] The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world. Afumba (Zambian origin) meaning "when they plan". The . In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock. A series of battles ensued, in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated. [219] By 2019 the number of skilled black South Africans emigrating out of the country had surpassed the number of white emigres. Truth Commission Special Report: APLA attacks. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps. The ANC-led government, in a historic reversal of policy, adopted neoliberalism instead. [40], Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane, ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade. ): Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). 4. "[185] The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp. The uprising spread throughout the country. In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. Genocide: A History. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. [72] East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879. [122], The AngloBoer War affected all ethnic groups in South Africa. Long-standing Boer resentment turned into full-blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first AngloBoer War, also known as the Boer Insurrection, broke out in 1880. One of our 3 capital cities is also . During the years immediately following the AngloBoer wars, Britain set about unifying the four colonies including the former Boer republics into a single self-governed country called the Union of South Africa. Chidubem - This name is Igbo for "God is my guide." Igwe - Many Igbo people in South Africa have this last name. In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant F G Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal, which would later become the port of Durban, so named after Benjamin D'Urban, a governor of the Cape Colony. Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. Afrikaners were split, with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort. Smuts also signed the Paris Peace Treaty, resolving the peace in Europe, thus becoming the only signatory of both the treaty ending the First World War, and that which ended the Second.[140]. [175][176], In early-November 1975, immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola, civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements. The National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two white groups, and independence from Britain. [120] It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos. 28. Kholwa (Southern African origin), meaning "believe" and is found in both Ndebele and Zulu cultures. [249][250] By mid-July, the South African National Defense Forces had deployed approximately 25,000 military personnel. Except in rare outcrops, however, the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock. The Boers took a defensive position with the high banks of the Ncome River forming a natural barrier to their rear with their ox waggons as barricades between themselves and the attacking Zulu army. Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. Van der Merwe is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Dutch van der Merwen ("from the Merwede"). The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. In the southeastern part of South Africa, Boer settlers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River, and in 1779 the First Xhosa War broke out. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held 90 percent of the land. [10], The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal San and Khoikhoi tribes. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. [164] By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country, while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states. South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age.After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively . Black people were recruited or conscripted by both sides into working for them either as combatants or non-combatants to sustain the respective war efforts of both the Boers and the British. [95] Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas. Here is a list of popular South African last names. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.[115]. The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy. Following the defeat of the Boers in the AngloBoer or South African War (18991902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively designated a World Heritage site. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. Hetherington, Penelope. [24] Others, now known as the SothoTswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld,[24] while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. In September 1854, 28 Boers accused of cattle rustling were killed in three separate incidents by an alliance of the Ndebele chiefdoms of Mokopane and Mankopane. Both Prime Minister Louis Botha and Defence Minister Jan Smuts were former Second Boer War generals who had previously fought against the British, but they now became active and respected members of the Imperial War Cabinet. [2] The first nations of South Africa are collectively referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoi Khoi and the San separately. The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803. Madia South African. Search US census records for South African, View all South African immigration records, Do not sell or share my personal information. [145], The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. Get in touch! After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993, containing concessions towards all sides: a federal system of regional legislatures, equal voting-rights regardless of race, and a bicameral legislature. As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. The death penalty was abolished, land reform and redistribution policies were introduced, and equitable labour laws legislated. The settlement of southern Africa by the Khoisan corresponds to the earliest separation of the extant Homo sapiens populations altogether, associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear haplogroup L0 (mtDNA) and patrilinear haplogroup A (Y-DNA), originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa. Crocodile Bakoena Bahurutshe Setswana Botswana, South Africa . It pursued a very violent strategy known as "ungovernability", they killed thousands of opposition party, mostly members of Inkatha Freedom Party in some cases burning them alive, including rent boycotts, student protests, and strike campaigns. A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. 2. "Disease and Society: VOC Cape Town, Its People, and the Smallpox Epidemics of 1713, 1755, and 1767," Kleio 27, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:53. [118] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. 1. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war.[131]. John Murray. The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. It caused the consolidation of groups such as the Matebele, the Mfengu and the Makololo. [204] The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition,[205] with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement. [102], In 1888, British mining magnate Cecil John Rhodes co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley, after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty. Of Boer and British Forces on 2 December 1879 supplied two-thirds of gold production the... Than as a refugee camp [ 89 ] the country would only be readmitted to the in! 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